机器学习(ML)方法可以有效地分析数据,识别其中的模式并做出高质量的预测。良好的预测通常与无法以人类可读的方式呈现检测到的模式一起进行。技术发展最近导致了可解释的人工智能(XAI)技术,旨在打开此类黑盒,并使人类能够从检测到的模式中获得新的见解。我们研究了XAI在特定见解可能对消费者行为产生重大影响的领域,即用电。知道对个人电力消耗的特定反馈触发了资源保护,我们从电力消耗时间序列中创建了五个可视化,考虑到现有的特定领域的设计知识,从电力消耗时间序列中获得了五个可视化。我们对152名参与者进行的实验评估表明,人类可以通过XAI可视化表现出的模式来吸收,但是这种可视化应遵循已知的可视化模式,以便用户妥善理解。
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become commonplace to solve routine everyday tasks. Because of the exponential growth in medical imaging data volume and complexity, the workload on radiologists is steadily increasing. We project that the gap between the number of imaging exams and the number of expert radiologist readers required to cover this increase will continue to expand, consequently introducing a demand for AI-based tools that improve the efficiency with which radiologists can comfortably interpret these exams. AI has been shown to improve efficiency in medical-image generation, processing, and interpretation, and a variety of such AI models have been developed across research labs worldwide. However, very few of these, if any, find their way into routine clinical use, a discrepancy that reflects the divide between AI research and successful AI translation. To address the barrier to clinical deployment, we have formed MONAI Consortium, an open-source community which is building standards for AI deployment in healthcare institutions, and developing tools and infrastructure to facilitate their implementation. This report represents several years of weekly discussions and hands-on problem solving experience by groups of industry experts and clinicians in the MONAI Consortium. We identify barriers between AI-model development in research labs and subsequent clinical deployment and propose solutions. Our report provides guidance on processes which take an imaging AI model from development to clinical implementation in a healthcare institution. We discuss various AI integration points in a clinical Radiology workflow. We also present a taxonomy of Radiology AI use-cases. Through this report, we intend to educate the stakeholders in healthcare and AI (AI researchers, radiologists, imaging informaticists, and regulators) about cross-disciplinary challenges and possible solutions.
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通过一系列联邦举措和命令,美国政府一直在努力确保美国在AI中的领导。这些广泛的战略文件影响了美国空军美国部(DAF)等组织。DAF-MIT AI加速器是DAF和MIT之间的一项计划,以弥合AI研究人员与DAF任务要求之间的差距。DAF-MIT AI加速器支持的几个项目正在开发公共挑战问题,这些问题解决了许多联邦AI研究的重点。这些挑战是通过公开可用的大型AI-Ready数据集,激励开源解决方案,并为可以激发进一步研究的双重使用技术创建需求信号,来针对优先事项。在本文中,我们描述了正在开发的这些公共挑战以及它们的应用如何促进科学进步。
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语言模型既展示了定量的改进,又展示了新的定性功能,随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响,但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息,为破坏性的新模型能力做准备,并改善社会有害的效果,至关重要的是,我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准(Big Bench)。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成,由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的,从语言学,儿童发展,数学,常识性推理,生物学,物理学,社会偏见,软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号,Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为,跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外,一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务,以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括:模型性能和校准都随规模改善,但绝对的术语(以及与评估者的性能相比);在模型类中的性能非常相似,尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分,而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标;社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加,但这可以通过提示来改善。
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异常气道扩张,称为牵引支气管扩张,是特发性肺纤维化(IPF)的典型特征。体积计算断层扫描(CT)成像捕获IPF中逐渐变细的丢失。我们假设气道异常的自动化量化可以提供IPF疾病程度和严重程度的估算。我们提出了一种自动化计算管道,系统地将气道树木从基于深度学习的气道分割中划分到其裂片和世代分支,从而从胸部CT获得气道结构措施。重要的是,透气阻止通过厚波传播的杂散气道分支的发生,并通过图表搜索去除气道树中的环,克服现有气道骨架算法的限制。在14名健康参与者和14名IPF患者之间比较了透气段(跨空间)和透气曲线曲线之间的逐渐变化。 IPF患者中,Airway interberering显着降低,与健康对照相比,Airway曲线曲调显着增加。差异在下叶中最大标记,符合IPF相关损伤的典型分布。透气是一种开源管道,避免了现有的气道定量算法的限制,并具有临床解释性。自动化气道测量可能具有作为IPF严重程度和疾病程度的新型成像生物标志物。
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从图像识别和对象检测到语音识别和机器翻译,神经网络已经证明是非常成功的广泛复杂任务。他们的成功之一是给出了适当的训练数据集的未来动态的技能。以前的研究表明,回声状态网络(ESNS)是如何成功地预测比Lyapunov时间长时间的混乱系统。本研究表明,显着的是,ESN可以成功地预测与训练集中包含的任何行为不同的动态行为。提供了用于流体动力学问题的证据,其中流动可以在层流(有序)和湍流(无序)的制度之间过渡。尽管仅受到湍流制度培训,但发现ESNS被发现预测层流行为。此外,还预先预测了湍流到层状和层流动转变的统计数据,并且讨论了ESN在作为转变过渡的早期预警系统中的效用。这些结果预计将广泛适用于在一系列物理,气候,生物,生态和金融模型中的数据行为建模,其特征在于在几个竞争状态之间存在折射点和突然过渡的存在。
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天文学家通常已经着手通过从头开始创建自己的表示来解决监督的机器学习问题。我们表明,经过训练的深度学习模型,可以回答每个星系动物园贴花问题问题,即学习星系的有意义的语义表示,这些语义表示对于从未训练过的新任务很有用。我们利用这些表示形式优于最近对研究大型星系样本至关重要的实际任务的方法。第一个任务是识别与查询星系相似的形态的星系。给定一个星系为人类分配了一个免费文本标签(例如“ #diffuse”),我们可以找到与大多数标签匹配该标签的星系。第二个任务是确定特定研究人员最有趣的异常。我们的方法在识别最有趣的100个异常(由Galaxy Zoo 2志愿者判断)方面是100%准确的。第三个任务是调整模型来仅使用少数新标记的星系解决新任务。与从陆地图像(ImageNet)或从头开始训练的模型相比,从我们的表示形式进行微调的模型可以更好地识别环形星系。我们用很少的新标签解决每个任务;一个(用于相似性搜索)或数百个(用于异常检测或微调)。这挑战了长期以来的观点,即深度监督方法需要新的大型标签数据集,以便在天文学中实际使用。为了帮助社区受益于我们验证的模型,我们发布了我们的微调代码Zoobot。没有先前经验的研究人员可以访问Zoobot。
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Quantum computers promise to enhance machine learning for practical applications. Quantum machine learning for real-world data has to handle extensive amounts of high-dimensional data. However, conventional methods for measuring quantum kernels are impractical for large datasets as they scale with the square of the dataset size. Here, we measure quantum kernels using randomized measurements. The quantum computation time scales linearly with dataset size and quadratic for classical post-processing. While our method scales in general exponentially in qubit number, we gain a substantial speed-up when running on intermediate-sized quantum computers. Further, we efficiently encode high-dimensional data into quantum computers with the number of features scaling linearly with the circuit depth. The encoding is characterized by the quantum Fisher information metric and is related to the radial basis function kernel. Our approach is robust to noise via a cost-free error mitigation scheme. We demonstrate the advantages of our methods for noisy quantum computers by classifying images with the IBM quantum computer. To achieve further speedups we distribute the quantum computational tasks between different quantum computers. Our method enables benchmarking of quantum machine learning algorithms with large datasets on currently available quantum computers.
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我们介绍了Galaxy动物园贴花:SDSS DR8占地面积的星系中的黑色能量相机传统调查图像的详细视觉形态学分类。更深的贴花图像(R = 23.6与SDSS的r = 22.2)显示螺旋臂,弱杆和在SDSS成像中未见的潮汐功能。为了最佳利用较大的贴花图像,志愿者从一套新的答案中选择,旨在提高对合并和酒吧的敏感性。 Galaxy动物园志愿者提供750万个单独的分类超过314,000个星系。 140,000个星系收到至少30分类,足以准确测量像条状的详细的形态,其余的收到约5.所有分类都用于培训贝叶斯卷积神经网络的集合(一种最先进的深度学习方法)预测所有314,000个星系的详细形态的后海外。当衡量自信的志愿者分类时,每个问题的网络大约有99%。形态学是每个星系的基本特征;我们的人机和机器分类是理解星系如何发展的准确和详细资源。
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The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.
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